tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11084024396729066082024-03-13T10:48:39.497-07:00wire drawing machineBasic principalsThe art or process of wire drawing like the name implies is to draw a wire of a bigger diameter through a hole with smaller diameter hereby reducing the diameter through plastic deformation while the volume remains the same.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger81125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-28561005697714109312010-09-15T04:10:00.001-07:002010-09-15T04:10:58.835-07:00Introduction to Weaving with Sheet and Wire<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">extile techniques are traditionally worked with fibers such as linen, cotton and silk. However, they can also be applied to metal.</span><br />
<div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">I weave high karat gold and platinum sheet and wire by hand. The process of weaving creates "fabric". I shape that "fabric" into ribbons and ruffles, spirals and loops, which become earrings, brooches, necklaces and pendants. I create two collections of limited production and one-of-a-kind jewelry, each based on a different technique.</div><table align="center" border="0" class="smallbodytext" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><img border="1" height="236" src="http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/nenamart/Berk1.jpg" width="216" /></td></tr>
<tr><td>Figure 1 Plain Weave: sheet warp and continuous wire weft (over 1, under 1)<br />
Schematic adapted from Arline M. Fisch <em>Textile Techniques in Metal</em> class diagrams, San Diego State University, Fall 1991. Used with permission.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Weaving is the interlacing of two sets of elements, one vertical and one horizontal. In my first collection, the vertical element - the warp - is sheet that is cut into strips or wedges. The horizontal element - the weft - is multiple strands of thin wire twisted together. The pattern is a Plain Weave (Figure 1), in which the wire crosses over the sheet, then under the sheet, continuing over one warp, under one warp. The strong color contrast in my Large Ruffle Brooch (Figure 2) makes it easy to read the Plain Weave: the warp, the vertical element, is sterling silver sheet; the weft, the horizontal element, is comprised of red magnet wire (resin coated copper) twisted with black silk thread.</div><table align="center" border="0" class="smallbodytext" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><img border="1" height="283" src="http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/nenamart/Berk2.jpg" width="350" /></td></tr>
<tr><td>Figure 2 Large Ruffle Brooch Barbara M. Berk</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">When the warp and the weft are the same metal, as in the 18kt gold Ruffle Brooch (Figure 3) it is not as easy to read the pattern. The lighting on the brooch highlights the warp strips; the wire weft can be seen at the end of the bottom ruffle: it is composed of four strands of thin wire twisted together. This creates a thicker weft, which is more malleable than a single wire of the same diameter. As the twisted wire weft crosses under the sheet, the sheet is pressed down over it, which locks the weft in place and adds strength to the piece. (The Ruffle Brooch warp is 36 gauge sheet, the weft is 26 gauge round wire.)</div><table align="center" border="0" class="smallbodytext" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><img border="1" height="237" src="http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/nenamart/Berk3.jpg" width="350" /></td></tr>
<tr><td>Figure 3 Ruffle Brooch (18kt gold) Barbara M. Berk; photo credit Ralph Gabriner</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">My second collection is based on a technique that also uses two elements, but both elements are single strands of wire: a thin wire weft and a thicker wire for the warp. The pattern is called Soumak: it is an ancient rug weaving technique named for Shemakha, the city in Azerbaijan in which it originated. Figure 4 shows the weft traveling over two warps and back around one warp, thereby wrapping around each of the warps in turn. The Bow Brooch (Figure 5) is a Soumak weave: the pattern is easiest to see where the ends flare out, in the lacy area above the pearls. The thicker warp wire (20 gauge) is 18kt gold, providing the strength; the thinner weft wire (28 gauge) is 22kt gold, providing the malleability needed to do the tight wrapping that creates a dense weave. The warp is the skeleton, the weft is the skin; the two alloys in combination create a structurally sound piece.</div><table align="center" border="0" class="smallbodytext" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><img border="1" height="258" src="http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/nenamart/Berk4.jpg" width="216" /></td></tr>
<tr><td>Figure 4 Soumak: continuous wire weft wraps around each wire warp</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">With both Plain Weave and Soumak, each piece is woven individually. The weaving is done flat: the Plain Weave rests on a thick sheet of plastic, so as not to mar the metal during weaving, and the Soumak is supported in a small vice. Neither pattern is woven on a loom. Rather, both patterns rely on an open-ended warp system, which allows the weft to be easily placed over and under the warps without distorting the warps in the case of the Plain Weave, or easily wrapped around and pushed down the warps in the case of the Soumak. When the weaving is completed, the edges are finished and then the woven "fabric" is shaped into a sculptural form. While the metal is soft enough to weave and manipulate with fingers, it work hardens in the process of weaving and again in the process of shaping, resulting in a stable piece.</div><table align="center" border="0" class="smallbodytext" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><img border="1" height="321" src="http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/nenamart/Berk5.jpg" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td>Figure 5 Bow Brooch Barbara M. Berk; photo credit Dana Davis</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Weaving can be executed with sheet as both warp and weft; with sheet warp and wire weft (as I do in my Plain Weave); with wire warp and sheet weft; with wire as both warp and weft (as I do in my Soumak); with combinations of sheet and wire warps and/or wefts; and either on-loom or off-loom. One can create patterns in the weave by changing the interaction between warp and weft, i.e., varying the number of warps the weft "skips" and varying the rotation of the "skips". One can weave the metal flat and then shape it, or one can create a 3-dimensional form during the weaving process.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Textile techniques in general, and weaving in particular, offer the opportunity to work in new ways with familiar forms of sheet and wire. In the process of mastering these techniques, one can explore color, pattern, texture, structure and scale.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-83885333082930949782010-09-15T04:07:00.000-07:002010-09-15T04:07:41.863-07:00Wire Drawing Hints<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">The trick to drawing wire by hand is to grasp the tapered end that sticks out the front of the drawplate with the pliers in such a way that there are some 5 mm of play; of movement back and forth to the drawplate. Push the draw tongs up to the plate so that when you start to draw there is a little movement before the wire begins to go through the plate. If it starts drawing with a jerk the inertia carries the wire on and as long as you keep on moving it will not break easily. If you don't start by using this jerk (usually obtained by bending the elbows and throwing your body back until it's weight going backwards starts the wire moving) it can be hard to start it. To find the correct hole to put the wire in next take the back end of the wire and test it in the front holes of the drawplate. When you find the hole it will not fit into then the correct hole is the next one down.</span><br />
<div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">To make the taper on the end of the wire one may file a tapered groove into a flat slope on the bench pin, lay the end of the wire in it and rotate it while one files the wooden slope. This automatically generates a smooth and even taper and is how pinstems are tapered when one only has to do one or two.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">An easier method of tapering which simultaneously hardens the point somewhat and prevents its breaking off easily during drawing is to step roll the point in the wire rolls of a hand rolling mill. Roll the end in slightly, back it out and put it in again at 90o to the first direction, then go to the next smallest hole and do the same thing only not as far in on the wire. Continue in this way until you have a smooth tapered point. Tubing too can be step rolled to get a taper on the end for drawing it. One can solder the tapered end for more strength.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">People use either beeswax or oil as lubricants. I prefer oil.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">If you need only a few holes of an odd shaped drawplate one can be made from an old file, annealed, drilled and burred and filed to shape. The holes must taper to the back and be as polished as possible. A flex shaft is useful for this work. One can however buy drawplates from companies such as TSI (see list) for 10.00 and less which with a little work with a toothpick in the flex shaft and some steel polishing compound can be made acceptable. Eventually one is better off buying a well made one. For larger sizes of tube a hard wood, nylon or Delrin® drawplate can be made for drawing down just a few holes.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">One can obtain various shapes by using a square and round drawplate. The wires start out as either round or square and are drawn together with frequent annealings until the proper shapes are achieved. For example a square or round wire is flattened, folded over, soldered to close the 'loop' and drawn through a square hole in the drawplate to produce two triangular wires. One has to work with care to make this technique work well. One can make half round wire by rolling a round wire into a thick sheet of copper on the mill, the round wire then becomes a half round wire albeit with a slight texture to the surface.</div><div align="center" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><img alt="Illustration 1" border="1" height="97" src="http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/nenamart/wdraw1.gif" width="485" /></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">The back of a drawplate also serves as a tool for shaping tubing to tapers, both square and round if one makes an appropriate mandrel for the hole. Note that the tool is not hammered in but pushed. Your drawplate is worth more than a bezel forming tool so don't hammer into it. One can also "step draw" both wire and tubing by drawing to a certain point, pulling it back out the way it came in from and then going to the next smallest hole and repeating the process. Richard Mawdsley uses this technique to very good effect in producing stepped tubing for his complex constructed pieces.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">A simple wooden device may be constructed for holding draw-plates on the end of a workbench or it can be as simple as two steel rods inserted in the bench to pull against. This frees the vise for other uses.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">In many cultures one sits on the ground, draws the knees up, places the drawplate against your feet and then straightens ones legs to draw the wire. Leg muscles are much stronger than arm muscles and it is quite effective.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">A draw bench is extremely useful and one may be constructed from wood and canvas or with a boat winch and board. If using steel cable instead of canvas or leather belting steps should be taken to secure the end of the cable from flying up loose and injuring someone if it is accidentally released. An Asian Indian version uses leverage and a ratcheting motion to draw wire on a carved plank on the ground.</div><div align="center" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><img alt="Illustration 2" border="1" height="207" src="http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/nenamart/wdraw2.gif" width="229" /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-10406647377929326172010-09-15T04:04:00.000-07:002010-09-15T04:04:15.087-07:00Trafilsteel presents its production.<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="normal" id="news_4552" style="color: #192f47; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; list-style-type: square; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="myTDBox" style="background-image: url(http://www.wiredrawing.net/themes/default/my-table.gif); background-position: 100% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Trafilsteel S.r.l. works exclusively on the customer’s order. The flexibility of the organization allows the company to satisfy all the different customer’s requirements ensuring the fulfillment of the market expectations. Assuring adequate stocks of raw material Trafilsteel is able to dispatch the orders in a quick way.<br />
<br />
The production can be summarized as follows:<br />
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- <b>PROFILES</b>: Rounds, hexagons, octagons, flats, squares and special profiles as per customer’s drawing.<br />
- <b>DIMENSIONAL RANGE</b>: Minimum 1,5 mm; Maximum 35 mm on rounds, hexagons and octagons, 25 mm maximum for flats and squares.<br />
- <b>SUPPLYING STATE</b>: Globular annealed, Soft annealed, Pickled, Sandblasted, Phosphated, Bright and Super-Bright.<br />
- <b>FINISHED PRODUCT</b>: Coils of any weight and size, bars with a length up to max 7 meters, chamfered one or two sides if required.<br />
- <b>PACKAGING</b>: Wooden cases, Jute, Pallets, Thermo-shrinking plastic, Special packaging according to the customer’s specification.<br />
- <b>CONTROLS</b>: Chemical Analysis, Metallurgical Analysis, Traction Test, Eddy Current Test and Residual Magnetism Test.<br />
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<tr><td align="center"><a href="http://www.wiredrawing.net/" style="color: #404040; font-weight: bold;"><img border="0" src="http://www.wiredrawing.net/Includes/img_news.asp?nID=4552" /></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td><td class="myTDR" style="background-image: url(http://www.wiredrawing.net/themes/default/roundbox/right.gif); height: 3px; width: 10px;"></td></tr>
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</tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-60165550051454890352010-09-15T04:02:00.000-07:002010-09-15T04:02:34.353-07:00The automatic welding machine type "SAR".<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #192f47; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px;">The automatic welding machine type "SAR" was been realized for the production of meshes having various usefulness as follow: bird cages, equipments for breeding, panel for safety guards, panels for wall and prefabrivated reinforcements in concrete, net fencings, shelves and containers for household electrical appliances. The standards models may have difference width from 1200 mm minimum to 1650 mm maximum and them are particularly able to pruduce meshes having irregular dimensions and shapes with non-uniform distances among various wires cross and longs wires. The machine operate with automatic-cycle by taking long wires from coils, while the cross ones fed in pre-cutted and straightened bars by a magazine-loading hopper. Welding pitches, currents and productions parameters are programmables by electronic operative panel installed on electric general plant.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #192f47; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #192f47; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #192f47; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px;">For special panels of meshes there are accessories as: double cross wires hopper, lateral trimmers to cross bars projections or to cut the mesh in two or three strips, ot to open windows on meshes (cage doors). The indexer is drived by electronic motor type BRUSHLESS with controlled pitch and very strictly tollerancies to guarantee extreme precision. It's very important to accentrate that the machine operate by electronic management having hight productivity and a big trustiness.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #192f47; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span><br />
<div align="center" style="color: #192f47; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><img align="baseline" alt="sar 2500 varo" border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.trafilatura.com/immagini/varo4.jpg" /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-89306309781655570122010-09-15T04:00:00.000-07:002010-09-15T04:00:06.439-07:00Tube Drawing<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times;"><div align="center"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Tube Drawing</b></span></div><div align="center"><img height="10" src="http://class.et.byu.edu/mfg130/_themes/rmnsque/romhorsa.gif" width="600" /></div></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times;"><img border="1" height="308" src="http://class.et.byu.edu/mfg130/processes/descriptions/deformation/tubedrawing1.jpg" width="458" /></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times;"><img border="1" height="197" src="http://class.et.byu.edu/mfg130/processes/descriptions/deformation/tubedrawing2.jpg" width="450" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="350"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times;">Tube drawing is a reduction process in which one end of a tube is grasped and pulled through a die that is smaller than the tube diameter. To obtain the desired size, a series of successive reductions, or passes, may be necessary. Because of its versatility, tube drawing is suited for both small and large production runs.<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Process Characteristics</b></span><br />
<div><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b></span></div></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-53637704908600907932010-09-15T03:58:00.000-07:002010-09-15T03:58:29.383-07:00Wire Drawing<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times;"><div align="center"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Wire Drawing</b></span></div><div align="center"><img height="10" src="http://class.et.byu.edu/mfg130/_themes/rmnsque/romhorsa.gif" width="600" /></div></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times;"><img border="1" height="246" src="http://class.et.byu.edu/mfg130/processes/descriptions/deformation/wiredrawing1.jpg" width="449" /></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times;"><img border="1" height="253" src="http://class.et.byu.edu/mfg130/processes/descriptions/deformation/wiredrawing2.jpg" width="457" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="350"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times;">Wire drawing is a metal-reducing process in which a wire rod is pulled or drawn through a single die or a series of continuous dies, thereby reducing its diameter. Because the volume of the wire remains the same, the length of the wire changes according to its new diameter. Various wire<i>tempers</i> can be produced by a series of drawing and annealing operations. (<i>Temper</i> refers to toughness.)<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Process Characteristics</b></span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img height="15" hspace="13" src="http://class.et.byu.edu/mfg130/_themes/rmnsque/rombul1a.gif" width="15" /></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pulls a wire rod through a die, reducing its diameter</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img height="15" hspace="13" src="http://class.et.byu.edu/mfg130/_themes/rmnsque/rombul1a.gif" width="15" /></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times;"><span style="font-size: small;">Increases the length of the wire as its diameter decreases</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img height="15" hspace="13" src="http://class.et.byu.edu/mfg130/_themes/rmnsque/rombul1a.gif" width="15" /></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times;"><span style="font-size: small;">May use several dies in succession (tandem) for small diameter wire</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img height="15" hspace="13" src="http://class.et.byu.edu/mfg130/_themes/rmnsque/rombul1a.gif" width="15" /></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times;"><span style="font-size: small;">Improves material properties due to cold working</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img height="15" hspace="13" src="http://class.et.byu.edu/mfg130/_themes/rmnsque/rombul1a.gif" width="15" /></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wire temper can be controlled by swaging, drawing, and annealing treatments</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-61584834713956728672010-05-16T01:24:00.000-07:002010-05-31T05:00:09.429-07:00Other electronic code breaking machines and the Testery and Newmanry results<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<h2>The other code breaking electronic machines in the Newmanry.</h2>Various cryptographic problems required the building of specialist machines.<br />
<br />
There was still the need for multiple paper tape comparison, so Heath Robinson evolved into Old Robinson, the first upgrade, then to Super Robinson. The ultimate multi tape machine was Mrs Miles. It had four tape readers and its name derived from a contemporary lady who had quadruplets.<br />
<br />
There was also a proposal for a combined Robinson and Colossus, called Robinson and Cleaver, but it is not clear whether this was ever built.<br />
<br />
More important were the Dragon series. These were designed to "drag" a series of characters along a cipher text, (usually a DeChi), looking for significant match points. The ultimate machine of this type was Aquarius. This used voltage storage on a large bank of capacitors to hold patterns of bits for testing matches against cipher or DeChi streams. (The capacitor voltages had to be continuously refreshed, hence Aquarius).<br />
<br />
A completely different machine was the 5202 photographic system this did not become operational until 1945. It worked by comparing optically film of cipher text against expected Lorenz patterns. The Newmanry report says that it was successful against a narrow range of problems but was not as flexible as Colossus.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2><b>The Testery and Newmanry contribution to the War effort</b></h2><b></b><br />
<h2>The contribution to D-Day</h2>Colossus reduced the time to break Lorenz messages from weeks to hours. In January 1944 it was just in time for the deciphering of messages which gave vital information to Eisenhower and Montgomery prior to D-Day, 6th June 1944. These deciphered Lorenz messages showed that Hitler had swallowed the deception campaigns, the phantom army in the South of England, the phantom convoys moving east along the channel; that Hitler was convinced that the attacks were coming across the Pas de Calais and that he was keeping Panzer divisions in Belgium.<br />
<table><tbody>
<tr><td><img src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/results_files/fishnets.gif" /></td><td><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">After D-Day the French Resistance and the British and American Air Forces bombed and strafed all the telephone and teleprinter land lines in Northern France, forced the Germans to use radio communications and suddenly the volume of intercepted messages went up enormously. Here are some of the German radio links using Lorenz, which were intercepted and broken. They all had FISH names, like JELLYFISH, the German High Command link from Berlin to Western Europe Command.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>The Mark 1 had been rapidly augmented by the Mark 2 Colossus in June 1944 and eight more were quickly built to handle the increase in messages. The Mark 1 was upgraded to a Mark 2 and there were thus ten Mark 2 Colossi in the Park by the end of the war. By the end of hostilities, 63 million characters of high grade German messages had been decrypted — an absolutely staggering output from just 550 people at Bletchley Park, plus of course the considerable number of interceptors at Knockholt, with backups at Shaftesbury and Coupar in Scotland.<img src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/results_files/results.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<div class="tag_list">Tags: <span class="tags"><br />
<a href="http://technorati.com/tag/keyword1" rel="tag">RDHKDQ7V8BJZ </a>, <br />
<a href="http://technorati.com/tag/keyword2" rel="tag">wire drawing</a>, <br />
<a href="http://technorati.com/tag/keyword3+Keyword4" rel="tag">machine</a></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-19211179269314190552010-05-16T01:20:00.000-07:002010-05-16T01:20:00.741-07:00The Colossus its purpose and operation<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<h2><b>Colossus, the revolution in code breaking</b></h2><b></b>Heath Robinson worked well enough to show that Max Newman's concept was correct. Newman then went to Dollis Hill where he was put in touch with Tommy Flowers, the brilliant Post Office electronics engineer. Flowers went on to design and build <em><b>Colossus</b></em> to meet Max Newman's requirements for a machine to speed up the breaking of the Lorenz cipher. Tommy Flowers' major contribution was to propose that the wheel patterns be generated electronically in ring circuits thus doing away with one paper tape and completely eliminating the synchronisation problem.<br />
<table><tbody>
<tr><td><img border="1" height="165" src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/colossus_files/coldg.gif" width="500" /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>This required a vast number of electronic valves but Tommy Flowers was confident it could be made to work. He had, before the war, designed Post Office repeaters using valves. He knew that valves were reliable provided that they were never switched on and off. Nobody else believed him!<br />
<center><br />
<table><tbody>
<tr><td><img border="1" height="265" src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/colossus_files/col5c.jpg" width="378" /></td><td><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Colossus design started in March 1943. By December 1943 all the various circuits were working and the 1,500 valve Mark 1 Colossus was dismantled, shipped up to Bletchley Park, and assembled in F Block over Christmas 1943. The Mark 1 was operational in January 1944 and successful on its first test against a real enciphered message tape. This is a 1945 photograph of a Mk II Colossus. No pictures of the Mk I have been found, but the Mk I did not have the large switch panel rack with the sloping plug panel on its front and only had a sigle bedstead frame, like Heath Robinson.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table></center><br />
<h2>The Colossus Computer</h2>Each of the ten Colossi occupied a large room in F Block or H Block in Bletchley Park.<br />
<table><tbody>
<tr><td><img border="1" height="265" src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/colossus_files/colrakss.jpg" width="378" /></td><td><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">The racks were 90 inches, (2.3m), high of varying widths. There were eight racks arranged in two bays about 16ft (5.5m) long plus the paper tape reader and tape handler (known as the bedstead). The front bay of racks, spaced 5ft (1.6m) from the rear bay, comprised from right to left, the J rack holding the master control panel, the plugboard some cathode followers and the AND gates.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>Next came the K rack which contained the very large main switch panel together with the very distinctive sloping panel at the front which was a duplicate patch panel for the thyratron rings. Next came the S rack which held the relays used for buffering counter output and making up the typewriter drive logic. The left hand rack at the front was the C rack which held the counter control logic on the front and the decade counters on the back.<br />
<br />
The rear bay of Colossus contained four racks, the R rack holding the staticiser and delta boards for the paper tape reader output and the K and S-wheel thyratron ring outputs, the M rack for the M-wheel staticisers and S-wheel motion logic. The very large W rack held, on one side all the thyratrons making up the wheel rings, 501 in all, and on the other side the 12 thyratron ring control panels. Also on the W rack were the link boards for the wheel patterns and the uniselectors for setting wheel start positions. The end rack of the back bay held the power packs. These were 50 volt Westat units stacked up in series to give +200 volts to -150 volts. The total power consumption was about 5 Kilowatts most of which was to the heaters of the valves.<br />
<br />
The circuit layout was all surface mounting on metal plates bolted to the racks. The valve holders were surface mounting with tag strips for the components. This form of construction had much to commend it, firstly both sides of a rack could be used, secondly wiring and maintenance were very easy and lastly cooling of the valves was expedited by them being horizontal.<br />
<h2>How Colossus worked</h2>Colossus read teleprinter characters, in the international Baudot code, at 5,000 characters per second from a paper tape. These characters were usually the intercepted cipher text which had been transmitted by radio. The paper tape was joined into a loop with special punched holes at the beginning and end of the text. The broad principle of Colossus was to count throughout the length of the text the number of times that some complicated Boolean function between the text and the generated wheel patterns had either a true or false result. At the end of text the count left on the counter circuits was dumped onto relays before being printed on the typewriter during the next read through the text, an early form of double buffering.<br />
<br />
Colossus had two cycles of operation. The first one was controlled by the optical reading of the sprocket holes punched between tracks 2 and 3 on the paper tape. The sprocket signal was standardised to 40 microseconds wide. The optical data from the paper tape was sampled on the back edge of the standardised sprocket pulse as was the outputs from the rings of thyratrons representing the Lorenz wheel patterns. The result of the logical calculation was sampled on the leading edge for feeding into the counter circuits.<br />
<br />
The second cycle of operations occurred at the beginning and end of the text punched onto the paper tape. The paper tape was joined into a loop and special holes were punched just before the start of text between channels three and four (called the start ) and just after the end of text between channels four and five (called the stop). This long cycle of operations began with the electrical signal from the photocell reading the stop hole on the tape. This stop pulse set a bistable circuit which stayed set until the optical signal from the start hole was read. The setting of this bistable thus lasted for the duration of the blank tape where the text was joined into a loop, typically about 100 millisec.<br />
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The first operation after the stop pulse was to release any settings on the relays from the previous count. Next the new count was read onto the relays. Then the counters and the thyratron rings were cleared and then the thyratron rings were struck at the next start point to be tried. When the bistable was reset by the start pulse, sprocket pulses were released to precess the thyratron rings, to sample the data read from the paper tape and to sample the calculation output to go to the counters.<br />
<br />
The various components of Colossus were the optical reader system, the master control panel, the thyratron rings and their driver circuits, the optical data staticisors and delta calculators, the shift registers, the logic gates, the counters and their control circuits, the span counters, the relay buffer store and printer logic.<br />
<h3>The optical reader system</h3>In order to break the Lorenz codes in a reasonable time the cipher text had to be repeatedly scanned at very high speed. This meant at least 5,000 characters per second and in the 1942 this implied hard vacuum photocells to optically read the holes in the paper tape. The smallest photocells available were some developed for proximity fuses in anti aircraft shells. Six of these in a row meant an optical projection system to enlarge the image of the paper tape about 10 times. Dr Arnold Lynch designed the paper tape reader and used slits cut into black card to form a mask in front of the photocells. The output from the data channels went to the staticiser and delta circuits.<br />
<h3>The master control panel</h3>This was where the start and stop pulses from the optical reader set and reset the bistable. Monostable delay circuits generated the voltage waveforms for releasing the relays, for staticising the counters, for resetting the counters and thyratron rings, and for striking the rings. Gate circuits controlled the flow of sprocket pulses.<br />
<h3>The thyratron rings and their driver circuits</h3>These circuits were the most complex on Colossus.<br />
<table><tbody>
<tr><td><img border="1" height="175" src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/colossus_files/rings.gif" width="319" /></td><td><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Thyratrons are gas-filled triodes which strike a discharge arc between anode and cathode when the grid voltage is raised to allow electrons to flow. This discharge when struck continues quite independent of the grid voltage. Thus the thyratron acts as a one-bit store. It can only be switched off by driving both the anode and the grid negative with respect to the cathode.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>To construct a shift register with thyratrons requires that the striking of the next thyratron in the ring also quenches the previous thyratron. This leads to a biphase circuit with anodes of alternate thyratrons connected together and the grid voltage partially biased by the cathode voltage of the previous thyratron. The complication arises when a Lorenz wheel contains an odd number of setting lugs. The thyratron ring controller for this requires a complete set of circuits to handle just the odd thyratron in order to get back to the biphase circuits for the rest of the ring.<br />
<br />
The thyratrons in a ring conduct sequentially stepped round by the sprocket pulses. Each thyratron cathode is brought out to a patch panel which allows the cathode pulse to be connected to a common output line when a link is plugged into the patchboard. Thus as the ring precesses round a sequence of pulses appears on the common output line. By selecting the link positions this sequence can replicate the mechanical lugs set on the Lorenz wheel. Alongside the patch panel is a Uniselector which selects the thyratron cathode to which the ring strike pulse goes. This is the start position of the ring when sprocket pulses come in at the start of text. The common line output went to the staticiser and delta circuits.<br />
<h3>The staticisors and delta circuits</h3>These circuits take the raw signals from the paper tape reader and the thyratron rings, sample them on the back edge of the clock pulse and set them to standard voltages of ± 80 v. Also on these boards are circuits giving a delay of one clock pulse. This is achieved with integrator capacitors which "hold" the previous data signal for long enough for it to be sampled on the next sprocket pulse. This delayed signal is available as an output but also on the board is an adder circuit which produces the delta signal, i.e. a 'one' when current data is different from previous, and a 'zero' when current equals previous.<br />
<h3>The shift registers</h3>These are the same circuits used as used on the delta boards, just integrators sampled on the next sprocket pulse.<br />
<table><tbody>
<tr><td><img border="1" height="247" src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/colossus_files/ccts.gif" width="423" /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>Up to 5 shift elements could be connected in cascade giving a 5 bit shift register. This is thought to be the first recorded design or use of a shift register. Some of the computational algorithms used this window on previous data to improve the cross-correlation measurement.<br />
<h3>The logic gates</h3>Colossus was provided with AND, OR and XOR gates which could be plugged together in any combination.<br />
<h3>The counter and counter control circuits</h3>The decade counter circuits were based on a pre-war design by Wynn- Williams. They used a divide by two circuit followed by a ring of five pentodes. Four decades were required for each of the five counters used and each control circuit covered four decades of counters. The inputs to the control circuits were the output from the logic gates, the sprocket pulse for strobing and the reset pulse from the master control panel. Also on the control panels were comparator circuits between the outputs of the decade counters and switches on another panel. These switches could be set to any number in the range 0 to 9999. The output of the comparator could be included in the logic calculations thus for instance suppressing printing of scores below a set value.<br />
<h3>The span counters</h3>These were the same design of counters and counter control circuits with switches on another panel which could be set in the range 0 to 9999. The purpose of the span counters was to be able to ignore sections of the cipher text which were corrupted, possibly due to fading radio signals. The comparator output was used to gate the sprocket pulses which went to the main counter controllers, cutting off these pulses stopped the sampling of the logic calculation and thus ignored the section of text covered by the span counters.<br />
<h3>The relay buffer store and printer logic.</h3>Latching relays held the ending count on the decade counters. The start positions of the thyratron rings and the count for the previous run through the text are clocked out sequentially on to the typewriter by the printer relay and uniselector logic.<br />
<h2>Programming Colossus</h2>Programming of the cross-correlation algorithm was achieved by a combination of telephone jack-plugs, cords and switches. The main plug panel was on the rack nearest to the paper tape reader. The direct and delta signals from the paper tape reader and the K-wheel thyratron rings were on this panel. The changeover from direct to delta could also be achieved by switches. Also on the main plug panel were the input and output sockets for the AND gates and the so called "Q" sockets which took the calculated output to the main switch panel on the next rack to the left. This very large switch panel allowed signals to be combined through further logic gates and the results switched to any of the five result counters. As an example take the simple double-delta algorithm as devised by Bill Tutte. This requires two wheels to be run simultaneously: so take K4 and K5. First the delta outputs from channel 5 of the paper tape reader is combined in an XOR gate with the delta output of the K5 thyratron ring. Then this result is XORed with the XOR output of delta channel 4 and the delta output of the K4 thyratron ring. This result is plugged to Q1 and on the switch panel Q1 is switched to counter 1. The output can be negated before being counted so that the count can represent either the number of times the double-delta calculation equals one, or the number of times it equals zero.<br />
<h2>The end of Colossus</h2>After VJ Day, suddenly it was all over. Eight of the ten Colossi were dismantled in Bletchley Park. Two went to Eastcote in North London and then to GCHQ at Cheltenham. These last two were dismantled in the 1960s and in 1960 all the wartime drawings of Colossus were burnt. Of course its very existence was kept secret.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-26272236778177993282010-05-15T01:17:00.000-07:002010-05-15T01:17:00.583-07:00The machine age comes to Fish code breaking<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<h2><b>The machine age comes to Fish code breaking</b></h2><b></b><br />
<table cellpadding="8"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">The mathematician Max Newman now came on the scene. He thought that it would be possible to automate some parts of the process for finding the settings used for each message. He approached TRE at Malvern to design an electronic machine to implement the double-delta method of finding wheel start positions which Bill Tutte had devised. The machine was built at Dollis Hill and was known as <em>Heath Robinson</em> after the cartoonist designer of fantastic machines.</span></td><td><img height="281" src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/machines_files/maxn.jpg" width="210" /><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><br />
Max Newman</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><ul><h2><b>The Wynn-Williams proposal.</b></h2></ul><br />
<b>The Logic Circuits</b><br />
<br />
<table><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">When Wynn-Williams was asked to produce electronic circuits to implement the double delta algorithm he chose to use a phase modulated carrier from a master oscillator at 25kc/s to perform the XOR logic.<br />
<br />
He decided to use 0 and 180 degrees of phase to represent 0 and 1. The elegance of this is that if a "1" causes 180 degrees phase shift, then another 1 returns the phase to zero and thus this implements an XOR function (0 + 0 = 0, 1 + 1 = 0, 0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 0 = 1).</span></td><td><img src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/machines_files/mastoscx.gif" /></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<table><tbody>
<tr><td><img src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/machines_files/ringmodx.gif" /></td><td><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">The 180 degrees phase shift was achieved via a diode bridge circuit and a balanced transformer. The biasing of the bridge, + - 10 volts, determined whether the input carrier went straight through (no phase change) of shifted 180 degrees. A triode valve amplifier was included with each bridge circuit to compensate for the losses in the bridge and to give unity gain from input to output.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><table><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">The output phase at the end of a series of logic circuits was compared with the phase input to the logic circuits in a detector circuit. This gave a voltage output of nearly zero if the input and output are in anti phase or some, much larger, positive voltage if they were in phase. The output voltage from the detector was sampled by a pulse derived from the sprocket hole signal from the tape reader. The result of this sampling, either a pulse if the detector output was positive, or no pulse if the output was zero was then passed to the decade counters to accumulate a count down the whole length of the tapes.</span></td><td><img src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/machines_files/detcctx.gif" /></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<b>The Decade Counters</b><br />
<br />
There were four decimal decade counters in series giving a 9999 maximum count. The first stage of the decade counters consisted of a ring of ten thyratrons (gas filled thermionic triode valves). The circuit for this was designed by Wynn-Williams before the war for counting in nuclear particle experiments. A thyratron valve will strike and hold an internal arc discharge when there is a positive voltage on its anode and the grid voltage is raised towards the cathode voltage allowing current to start flowing. Once the discharge is started the grid voltage has no further influence over the anode current. Thus the thyratron "remembers" it has been struck and thus acts as a one bit store. Unfortunately the only way to stop the discharge in a thyratron is to drive the anode negative with respect to its cathode. In the decade thyratron ring the thyratron which had been struck had to prepare the next thyratron in the ring to be struck on the next input pulse, but at the same time the next thyratron struck had to cause the pervious thyratron to be extinguished. In the Wynn-Williams circuit this was achieved by coupling successive thyratron's cathodes together with a large capacitor. The thyratron ring was the fast, least significant, decimal counter. The next two counters, the tens and hundreds, used high speed relays with slow speed relays in the thousands counter. The count was displayed on a lamp panel. There were four sets of counters, each of 9999 capacity. The output from the logic circuits was switched alternately into one of two counter sets, the changeover occurring at the end of reading the data on the two tapes. Each tape were joined end to end in a continuous loop. Special holes were punched into the tapes to signify end of data and start of data. The remaining two counters sets were used to count sprocket holes. These counts allowed the calculation of Chi wheel positions for a particular score. Initially all counts had to be read off the lamp panel and written down, a great source of error. Later a special printer known as a "Gifford" printer was added. This was not a great success.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b></b><br />
<b><h2>Heath Robinson</h2></b></span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />
Heath Robinson consisted of three parts, the frame on which the teleprinter paper tapes were mounted and read optically, known as the Bedstead, a wide short rack containing the counters, a lamp output panel and later the Gifford printer on a front table, and a tall 19 inch rack known as the valve rack which contained the logic circuits and a jack field panel for plugging up the algorithms. The short counters rack was produced at TRE and the Bedstead and valve rack at the GPO research labs at Dollis Hill to Wynn-Williams circuit designs. The cover name for the project was "Apparatus Telegraph Transmitting", case number 11951. The Bedstead was designed by Arnold Lynch and Eric Speight. Harry Fensom and Alan Bruce worked on commissioning the system at Dollis Hill. There were difficulties in getting the ring modulator logic to work due to extra phase shifts in the circuits when more than six circuits were connected together one after the other. Allen Coombs relates this problem and tells how he went to Tommy Flowers for advice. Tommy Flowers said "change the frequency" which Allen Coombs did. It solved the problem but neither he nor Tommy Flowers knew why.<br />
Eventually it all worked together and Heath Robinson was moved to Bletchley Park.<br />
<br />
Heath Robinson was delivered to Bletchley Park in June 1943 and was first installed in Hut 11 which had been the original Bombe room for Turing Bombes, the machines used to break Enigma.<br />
<br />
Harry Fensom and Alan Bruce were the two GPO maintenance engineers assigned to Heath Robinson. Two WRNS(Womens Royal Naval Service) ladies at a time were the operators and Jack Good and Donald Michie were the code breakers.<br />
<br />
The first problem was teleprinter tape preparation. At least 2000 characters of cipher text was required, joined end to end to make a continuous loop. Then a similar length of Chi wheel patterns had to be punched up and arranged to be just one character longer than the cipher tape. This was to automatically change the relative wheel patterns by one position after each complete run through the tapes.<br />
<br />
Then it was found that the optical readers in the Bedstead gave errors if a long stretch of adjacent holes or no holes occurred on the tapes. This meant adjustments to both texts to compensate for this.<br />
<br />
A major problem was keeping the two tapes in synchronism at over 1000 characters per second. Originally the sprocket drive cogs were motorised but this proved impossible to sustain without tearing the tapes and a friction drive was used from the paper tape pulleys with the sprocket shaft just idling to keep synchronisation. This proved to be better but there was still a problem with tape stretching in the distance between the sprocket cogs and the optical reader aperture.<br />
<br />
<br />
Heath Robinson worked well enough to show that Max Newman's concept was correct. Newman then went to Dollis Hill where he was put in touch with Tommy Flowers, the brilliant Post Office electronics engineer. Flowers went on to design and build <em><b>Colossus</b></em> to meet Max Newman's requirements for a machine to speed up the breaking of the Lorenz cipher.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-91642926218588869412010-05-14T01:10:00.000-07:002010-05-14T01:10:00.104-07:00The Lorenz Cipher and how Bletchley Park broke it<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<h2><b>The German Lorenz cipher system</b></h2><b></b><br />
<br />
The German Army High Command asked the Lorenz company to produce for them a high security teleprinter cipher machine to enable them to communicate by radio in complete secrecy. The Lorenz company designed a cipher machine based on the additive method for enciphering teleprinter messages invented in 1918 by Gilbert Vernam in America. Teleprinters are not based on the 26-letter alphabet and Morse code on which the Enigma depended. Teleprinters use the 32-symbol <em>Baudot code.</em> Note that the Baudot code output consists of five <em>channels</em> each of which is a stream of bits which can be represented as no-hole or hole, 0 or 1, dot or cross.<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="130" src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/fish_files/tpcode.gif" width="528" /><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana;">The Baudot Code</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br />
</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;">The Vernam system enciphered the message text by adding to it, character by character, a set of obscuring characters thus producing the enciphered characters which were transmitted to the intended recipient. The simplicity of Vernam's system lay in the fact that the obscuring characters were added in a rather special way (known as modulo-2 addition). Then exactly the same obscuring characters, added also by modulo-2 addition to the received enciphered characters, would cancel out the obscuring characters and leave the original message characters which could then be printed. The working of modulo-2 addition is exactly the same as the XOR operation in logic. If A is the plain-text character, and C the obscuring character, then in the table below, F is the cipher-text character. You can also see from this table that the addition of C to F brings you back to A again:</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><center><span style="font-family: courier; font-size: x-large;"><b>A + C = F F + C = A<br />
x + . = x x + . = x<br />
x + x = . . + x = x<br />
. + x = x x + x = .<br />
. + x = x x + x = .<br />
. + . = . . + . = .</b></span></center><span style="font-family: verdana;">Vernam proposed that the obscuring characters should be completely random and pre-punched on to paper tape to be consumed character by character in synchrony with the input message characters. Such a cipher system (a 'one-time pad system') using <em>purely random</em> obscuring characters is unbreakable.<br />
The difficulty was how to ensure, in a hot war situation, that the same random character tapes were available at each end of a communications link and that they were both set to the same start position. The Lorenz company decided that it would be operationally easier to construct a machine to generate the obscuring character sequence. Because it was a machine it could not generate a completely random sequence of characters. It generated what is known as a <em>pseudo-random</em>sequence. Unfortunately for the German Army it was more "pseudo" than random and that was how it was broken.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br />
</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/fish_files/lorenz1.jpg" /></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;">The amazing thing about Lorenz is that the code breakers in Bletchley Park never saw an actual Lorenz machine until right at the end of the war but they had been breaking the Lorenz cipher for two and a half years.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><h2>The first intercepts</h2>The teleprinter signals being transmitted by the Germans, and enciphered using Lorenz, were first heard in early 1940 by a group of policemen on the South Coast who were listening out for possible German spy transmissions from inside the UK. Brigadier John Tiltman, one of the top code breakers in Bletchley Park, took a particular interest in these enciphered teleprinter messages. They were given the code name "Fish". The messages which (as was later found out) were enciphered using the Lorenz machine, were known as "Tunny". Tiltman knew of the Vernam system and soon identified these messages as being enciphered in the Vernam manner. Because the Vernam system depended on addition of characters, Tiltman reasoned that if the operators made a mistake and used the same Lorenz machine starts for two messages (a <em>depth</em>), then by adding the two cipher texts together character by character, the obscuring character sequence would disappear. He would then be left with a sequence of characters each of which represented the addition of the two characters in the original German message texts. For two completely different messages it is virtually impossible to assign the correct characters to each message. Just small sections at the start could be derived but not complete messages.<h2>The German mistake</h2>As the number of intercepts, now being made at Knockholt in Kent, increased a section was formed in Bletchley Park headed by Major Ralph Tester and known as the Testery. A number of Depths were intercepted but not much headway had been made into breaking the cipher until the Germans made one horrendous mistake. It was on 30 August 1941. A German operator had a long message of nearly 4,000 characters to be sent from one part of the German Army High command to another — probably Athens to Vienna. He correctly set up his Lorenz machine and then sent a twelve letter indicator, using the German names, to the operator at the receiving end. This operator then set his Lorenz machine and asked the operator at the sending end to start sending his message. After nearly 4,000 characters had been keyed in at the sending end, by hand, the operator at the receiving end sent back by radio the equivalent, in German, of "didn't get that — send it again".<br />
They now both put their Lorenz machines back to the same start position. Absolutely forbidden, but they did it. The operator at the sending end then began to key in the message again, by hand. If he had been an automaton and used exactly the same key strokes as the first time then all the interceptors would have got would have been two identical copies of the cipher text. Input the same — machines generating the same obscuring characters — same cipher text. But being only human and being thoroughly disgusted at having to key it all again, the sending operator began to make differences in the second message compared to the first.<br />
The message began with that well known German phrase SPRUCHNUMMER — "message number" in English. The first time the operator keyed in S P R U C H N U M M E R. The second time he keyed in S P R U C H N R and then the rest of the message text. Now NR means the same as NUMMER, so what difference did that make? It meant that immediately following the N the two texts were different. But the machines were generating the same obscuring sequence, therefore the cipher texts were different from that point on. The interceptors at Knockholt realised the possible importance of these two messages because the twelve letter indicators were the same. They were sent post-haste to John Tiltman at Bletchley Park. Tiltman applied the same additive technique to this pair as he had to previous Depths. But this time he was able to get much further with working out the actual message texts because when he tried SPRUCHNUMMER at the start he immediately spotted that the second message was nearly identical to the first. Thus the combined errors of having the machines back to the same start position and the text being re-keyed with just slight differences enabled Tiltman to recover completely both texts. The second one was about 500 characters shorter than the first where the German operator had been saving his fingers. This fact also allowed Tiltman to assign the correct message to its original cipher text. Now Tiltman could add together, character by character, the corresponding cipher and message texts revealing for the first time a long stretch of the obscuring character sequence being generated by this German cipher machine. He did not know how the machine did it, but he knew that this was what it was generating!</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><h2>The dénouement</h2>John Tiltman then gave this long stretch of obscuring characters to a young chemistry graduate, Bill Tutte, who had recently come to Bletchley Park from Cambridge. Bill Tutte started to write out the bit patterns from each of the five channels in the teleprinter form of the string of obscuring characters at various repetition periods. Remember this was BC, "Before Computers", so he had to write out vast sequences by hand.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><img src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/fish_files/btuttes.jpg" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;">When he wrote out the bit patterns from channel one on a repetition of 41, various patterns began to emerge which were more than random. This showed that a repetition period of 41 had some significance in the way the cipher was generated. Then over the next two months Tutte and other members of the Research section worked out the complete logical structure of the cipher machine which we now know as Lorenz:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><img src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/fish/fish_files/lordiag.gif" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;">This was a fantastic <em>tour de force</em> and at the beginning of 1942 the Post Office Research Labs at Dollis Hill were asked to produce an implementation of the logic worked out by Bill Tutte & Co. Frank Morrell produced a rack of uniselectors and relays which emulated the logic. It was called "Tunny". So now when the manual code breakers in the Testery had laboriously worked out the settings used for a particular message, these settings could be plugged up on Tunny and the cipher text read in.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: large;">If the code breakers had got it right, out came German. But it was taking four to six weeks to work out the settings. This meant that although they had proved that technically they could break Tunny, by the time the messages were decoded the information in them was too stale to be operationally useful.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-45404325128682550632010-05-13T01:03:00.000-07:002010-05-13T01:03:00.590-07:00The Enigma Machine<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<h2>The Enigma Machine</h2>Invented by Arthur Scherbius in 1918 the Enigma machine is a very ingenious way of achieving seven alphabet substitutions between a text input letter and a ciphered output letter. The alphabetic substitutions are implemented via wiring inside rotors.<h2>Enigma rotors (or wheels)</h2>Before seeing how the Enigma machine was constructed you should see the rotors or wheels which embodied the alphabetic substitutions.<br />
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<center><img align="centre" border="0" height="300" src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/enigma/enigma_files/enigwhls.gif" width="300" />Figure 4: details of an Enigma rotor:</center><b>(1)</b> The finger notches used to turn the rotors to a start position.<br />
<b>(2)</b> The alphabet RING or tyre round the circumference of the rotor (see below for an explanation of its significance).<br />
<b>(3)</b> The shaft upon which the rotors turn.<br />
<b>(4)</b> The catch which locks the alphabet ring to the core (5).<br />
<b>(5)</b> The CORE containing the cross-wiring between contacts (6) and discs (7). It is the core which effects the essential alphabetic substitution.<br />
<b>(6)</b> The spring loaded contacts to make contact with the next rotor.<br />
<b>(7)</b> The discs embedded into the core to make contact with the spring-loaded contacts in the next rotor.<br />
<b>(8)</b> The CARRY notch attached to the alphabet ring (see below for explanation).<br />
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These rotors were manufactured with their wirings buried inside and they could not be modified in use.<br />
In the 1930s, the Enigma had only three different kinds of rotor, I II and III. These rotors could be assembled on the shaft in any order giving 6 (i.e. 3x2x1) possible configurations.<br />
In 1938 the Germans added rotors IV and V to the repertoire, thus giving 60 (i.e. 5x4x3) configurations by choosing a set of three rotors from the five. Some further wheels were brought into use during the course of the war but basically the rotors remained unchanged throughout.<br />
<h2>The Military Enigma Machines</h2>We are now ready to see the machine actually used by the German armed forces, and to go on to the further complications introduced through the <em>ring-setting</em> and the <em>plugboard or Steckerverbindung.</em><br />
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<center><img border="0" height="350" src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/enigma/enigma_files/enigpart.jpg" width="500" /></center>You can readily see three rotors in place. In operation, a current flowed from right to left then back left to right, so the reflector is at the left and the entry disc is at the right.<br />
The entry disc is a fixed disc of 26 contacts. The keyboard contacts are connected to the right hand side. The left hand side of the entry disc has metal contact discs just like the wheel discs. A curious aspect of the Enigma design was that the keyboard was connected to the entry disc in the simple order ABCDEF... and did not take advantage of the opportunity for introducing a further scrambling.<br />
As explained above, it is important that the rotors are interchangeable. Mechanically, this is effected as follows. When the release lever is pulled forward, the reflector slides to the left and the group of three rotors can be taken out on their shaft. Then the operator can assemble a new sequence of rotors on the shaft, and put this back into the machine.<br />
The lamp panel shows the enciphered output letter for the keyboard key pressed. This was rather a primitive aspect of the Enigma as it relied on the operator to observe and write down the lit-up letter at each stage of encipherment and decipherment.<br />
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<h2>The plugboard</h2>The plugboard or 'Stecker', visible on the front of the machine, was the most important addition made to the basic Enigma when turning it into a machine for military use. The operator simply inserted plugs so as to connect pairs of letters (generally 10 pairs, in wartime use) and this had the effect of hard-wiring such a swapping.Because the plugboard affected both the incoming current from the keyboard and the outgoing current to the lamps. it left unchanged the reciprocal property of the Enigma. It also meant that the military Enigma still had the property that no letter could ever be enciphered to itself. This was a very grave mistake in the design.<br />
To see how this worked in more detail, it is best to forget the physical picture of the Enigma and concentrate on a logical diagram of how the electrical current effected substitutions:<br />
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<h2>Circuit Diagram of the Enigma with Plugboard</h2><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="360" src="http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/enigma/enigma_files/simpenig2.jpg" width="226" /><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">The keyboard was laid out as follows:<br />
<b><span style="font-family: courier; font-size: x-large;">Q W E R T Z U I O<br />
A S D F G H J K<br />
P Y X C V B N M L</span></b><span style="font-family: courier; font-size: x-large;"></span><br />
The same arrangement was used for the lamp panel and the plugboard.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">In this illustration, when key W is pressed on the keyboard (5) current from the battery (4) flows to the plugboard panel socket W, but socket W has been plugged to socket X so current flows up to the entry disc (E) at point X.<br />
The current then flows through the internal wiring in the rotors (2) to the reflector (1). Here it is turned round and flows back through the rotors in the reverse direction emerging from the entry disc at terminal H. Terminal H on the Entry disc is connected to socket H on the plugboard (6) but this socket is plugged to socket I so finally the current flows to lamp I which lights up.<br />
Thus in this instance, the letter W is enciphered to I.</span><br />
You can now also see that if the key I had been pressed, the lamp W would have lit up. This is because the path from W to I through the steckers and rotors remains the same, though with the current flowing in the opposite direction.<br />
When the W key is pressed the connection to the W lamp is broken and the I lamp lights. If the I key is now pressed down the connection to the I lamp is broken and the W lamp lights.<br />
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<h2>The motion of the rotors</h2>Now you will recall from our introduction that the whole point of the rotors is that they must rotate, so that every time a letter is enciphered, the machine is in a different configuration. So, when a key on the keyboard is pressed down, a mechanical linkage causes the right hand rotor to turn by 1/26 of a revolution, i.e. by one letter on the alphabet ring.This means that the next time a key is pressed, the substitution effected by the rotors is quite different.<br />
At certain points on the rotation of the right hand rotor, the motion is 'carried' to the middle rotor, M which then moves on one letter. Carry will also occur from the middle to the left hand rotor when the carry notch engages, but obviously this will happen much less often.<br />
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The Enigma sent the current through the wires AFTER the mechanical linkage had moved the right-hand wheel and any other wheels knocked on by the carry mechanism. The principle is just the same as the 'carry' on an adding machine knocking on to tens, hundreds and thousands, but there is a subtlety in the design affecting the point at which the knocking-on occurred.<br />
To appreciate this we must first describe the alphabet RING settings.<br />
<h2>The ring setting</h2>Referring again to figure 4, not that on each rotor there is a spring loaded catch (4). When this is pulled to the right the ring (or tyre) can be turned with respect to the core of the rotor. In fact the ring for each rotor can be set by the operator in any one of 26 possible settings.The effect of this is that the core which contains the wiring, is turned in relation to the letter showing in the window of the Enigma machine.<br />
At first sight this extra complication might seem rather pointless because it did not change anything to do with the essential scrambling going on inside the system. However the indicator systems, to which we will come later, depended on describing the 'window position' of the rotor, and the ring-setting determined the relationship between the window letters and the actual scramblings. Furthermore, the carry mechanism is affected by the ring setting. The 'carry' point is in fact determined by the position of the carry notch (8) in figure 4, and the crucial point is that this notch is attached to the alphabet RING, and not to the core of the rotor.<br />
The carry notch was arranged to be in a different position for each of the rotors I, II, III, IV, V. This turned out to be a bad cryptographic mistake; it helped first the Poles and then the British analysts at Bletchley Park to identify the right hand rotor in use.<br />
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</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-17648425713545413392010-05-12T00:58:00.000-07:002010-05-12T00:58:00.277-07:00How to Thread a Sewing Machine<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Threading a <a class="iAs" classname="iAs" href="http://www.ehow.com/how_5839_thread-sewing-machine.html#" itxtdid="6561677" style="background-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(3, 100, 164) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-width: initial; bottom: auto; color: rgb(3, 100, 164) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit !important; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal !important; left: auto; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: static !important; right: auto; text-align: left; text-decoration: none !important; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">sewing <nobr id="itxt_nobr_0_0" style="color: #0364a4; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal;">machine<img name="itxt-icon-0" src="http://images.intellitxt.com/ast/adTypes/mag-glass_10x10.gif" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; border-width: initial; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 10px; left: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; top: 1px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 10px;" /></nobr></a> can be difficult at first. Once you learn how, though, the whole process will take you only a few seconds and you'll be on your way sewing together anything you need. It does require somewhat of a good eye sight and good aim, so get your glasses if you need them to see up close.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px;">Instructions</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span></span></span><br />
<ol id="intelliTxt" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li id="jsArticleStep1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="stepBg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dfa641; display: inline; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">Step<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://i.ehow.com/ui/images/bg/circles.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% -25px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">1</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Raise the needle to its highest position by turning the handwheel toward you.</div></li>
<li id="jsArticleStep2" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="stepBg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dfa641; display: inline; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">Step<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://i.ehow.com/ui/images/bg/circles.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% -25px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">2</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Raise the presser foot. This will allow the thread to easily pass through the threading points and will prevent the machine needle from becoming unthreaded when you begin to stitch.</div></li>
<li id="jsArticleStep3" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="stepBg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dfa641; display: inline; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">Step<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://i.ehow.com/ui/images/bg/circles.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% -25px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">3</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Place a spool of thread on the spool pin located at the top of your sewing machine. If the spool pin runs horizontally, secure the spool of thread with the cap provided.</div></li>
<li id="jsArticleStep4" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="stepBg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dfa641; display: inline; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">Step<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://i.ehow.com/ui/images/bg/circles.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% -25px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">4</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Take hold of the thread end and pass it through the designated threading points on the top of the machine casing, then down toward the tension assembly. The tension assembly is located on the left side of the machine and controls the flow of thread.</div></li>
<li id="jsArticleStep5" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="stepBg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dfa641; display: inline; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">Step<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://i.ehow.com/ui/images/bg/circles.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% -25px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">5</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Take the thread under the tension assembly and back up through the next threading point at the top left of the machine. Make sure the thread has passed between two tension discs as well as the hook that may be attached to the left side of the tension dial.</div></li>
<li id="jsArticleStep6" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="stepBg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dfa641; display: inline; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">Step<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://i.ehow.com/ui/images/bg/circles.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% -25px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">6</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Push the thread end through the lever at the top left of the machine, if applicable, and down through the threading points at bottom left and above the needle.</div></li>
<li id="jsArticleStep7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="stepBg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dfa641; display: inline; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">Step<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://i.ehow.com/ui/images/bg/circles.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% -25px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">7</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Thread the needle from the front or back of the needle. The threading direction will depend on your machine type.</div></li>
<li id="jsArticleStep8" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="stepBg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dfa641; display: inline; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">Step<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://i.ehow.com/ui/images/bg/circles.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% -25px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">8</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pull a few inches of thread through the eye of the needle and pull the thread to your left.</div></li>
<li id="jsArticleStep9" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="stepBg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dfa641; display: inline; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">Step<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://i.ehow.com/ui/images/bg/circles.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% -25px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">9</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Insert a wound bobbin into the machine, if necessary, and close the throat plate. A few inches of bobbin thread should be pulled out to the right and sticking out from under the closed throat plate.</div></li>
<li id="jsArticleStep10" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="stepBg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dfa641; display: inline; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">Step<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://i.ehow.com/ui/images/bg/circles.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% -25px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">10</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Take hold of the thread that has been threaded through the machine needle.</div></li>
<li id="jsArticleStep11" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="stepBg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dfa641; display: inline; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">Step<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://i.ehow.com/ui/images/bg/circles.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% -25px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">11</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rotate the hand wheel toward you until the needle disappears into the bobbin case.</div></li>
<li id="jsArticleStep12" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="stepBg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dfa641; display: inline; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">Step<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://i.ehow.com/ui/images/bg/circles.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% -25px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">12</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Keep holding on to the thread and move the hand wheel so the needle is once again at its highest position. As the needle rises, a loop of bobbin thread will come up as well.</div></li>
<li id="jsArticleStep13" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="stepBg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dfa641; display: inline; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">Step<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://i.ehow.com/ui/images/bg/circles.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% -25px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">13</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pull the thread out toward your left to draw the bobbin thread loop further out of the bobbin case.</div></li>
<li id="jsArticleStep14" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="stepBg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dfa641; display: inline; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">Step<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://i.ehow.com/ui/images/bg/circles.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% -25px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 25px;">14</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Let the top thread go and pull the bobbin thread up until the end comes up. Pull the top and bottom threads under the presser foot and to the back and right of the machine.</div></li>
</ol>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-78288812650318141692010-05-10T23:42:00.001-07:002010-05-10T23:42:52.018-07:00Get the Inside Story on Who Invented the Popcorn Machine<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">If there's one snack that is often dubbed as an indulgence for life's blissfully idyllic moments, is defined by an unimaginable number of flavors and is blessed with an eternal appeal that's unsurpassed in every way, it just has to be popcorn. Cheddar cheese popcorn, peppermint popcorn, white chocolate or chocolate fudge popcorn, there are innumerable ways to celebrate the enduring mystique of this wonderful snack. History is no stranger to its iconic status, and neither is the world's appreciation of it.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Such is the unabashed hype and hoopla about this snack, that other equally intriguing aspects remain shrouded in a cloak of exotic mystery. Take for example, the fascinating question that teases you about your knowledge of popcorn machines, and asks, 'who invented the popcorn machine?'</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><b>Facts With That Nostalgic Echo</b></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Popcorn gained immense popularity during the Great Depression, when street vendors made quite a killing by selling it with assistance from steam or even gas-powered popcorn poppers. It was sometime during the year 1885 that Charles Cretors caused a sensation by inventing the world's first popcorn machine.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Originally designed as a peanut roaster, Cretors simply added a contraption on top to make the machine look different. But what really catapulted C. Cretors & Co. to the rockstar league was their spectacular showing at the Columbian Exhibition in Chicago in the year 1893. It was here that the first steam driven, mobile popcorn machine popped more eyeballs that probably Madonna and Justin Timberlake together on stage.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">What followed was nothing short of a revolution. With the impressive spike in the appeal of mobile machines, the movie going experience changed forever. Today, movie halls without popcorn or their redoubtable machines are like chocolates without sin or Windows without Bill Gates!</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><b>Trigger For Innovation</b></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">More innovations followed, and in 1925 home poppers made their debut, followed by the microwave popcorn by Percy L Spencer in 1945, which, in fact, provided the trigger for inventing the microwave oven.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-70914156964999333792010-05-10T23:38:00.000-07:002010-05-10T23:38:57.733-07:00Who invented popcorn<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<h1 style="color: #5675ab; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Even with a mysterious origin, Americans' enjoyment of popcorn spans centuries</h1>Some may wonder "who invented popcorn"? Popcorn has been a favorite snack literally for centuries. Now popcorn is an American favorite sold at movie theaters across the country as well as in gift baskets given on holidays. It is unclear who the first person to actually invent popcorn, however the oldest ears of popcorn found to date were discovered in a bat cave off west central New Mexico in 1948. The bat cave popcorn ears are gauged to be approximately 4,000 years old. That proves that Americans have literally been snacking on popcorn for centuries! <br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Popcorn was "invented" by other people in the world as well. It is probably safe to assume that popcorn was popular in places where corn was grown as a major food source. In 1519, Cortes saw popcorn when he invaded Mexico and first met the Aztecs. Popcorn was important to the Aztec Indians as a food source. But, they also made necklaces and decorated their headdresses with popcorn. It has been recorded that the Peruvian Indians in the 16th century were also using popcorn. <br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Popcorn has been very popular in America. From the 1800s until the Great Depression, street vendors would sell it using steam or gas-powered popcorn poppers. The very first commercial popcorn machine was invented by Charles Cretors in 1885 in Chicago, Illinois. There are even old fashioned poppers that'll give your popcorn the same old time flavor that first hooked our society on popcorn. <br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Popcorn was priced at about five or ten cents a bag during the Depression, and it was a little luxury that most families could afford. This meant that the popcorn business still did well through the Depression. <br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />A favorite treat during the late 1800s through the early 1900s was the popcorn ball. Popcorn balls are simple to make. Many people still enjoy them today, and make them especially for the holiday season. People in the 1800s also ate flavored popcorn. Some favorite flavorings include rose, honey, molasses and sugar. Popcorn was also used to make wonderful holiday decorations like garlands that draped the Christmas tree or fireplace mantle in many Victorian households.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">During WWII, popcorn became an extremely patriotic snack because sugar was rationed; Americans snacked on more popcorn than ever before. Popcorn remained a popular snack throughout the rest of the twentieth century. With such an interesting history and so many fun facts, not to mention tasty, its no wonder why this food has been apart of American society for so long. <br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Today, it is said that Americans eat more popcorn than any other part of the world. We eat popcorn at ballparks, state fairs, carnivals, rodeos, movie theatres, and also at home. Microwaveable popcorn is an industry all of its own – with many people eating microwave popcorn every week as their special snack. Popcorn is primarily grown in America, in states including Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska and Ohio. <br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />A popular gift at holiday time is large cans of popcorn, with pretty decorations on them. A traditional popcorn can has three kinds of popcorn in it – cheese popcorn, caramel popcorn and butter flavored popcorn. But you can find popcorn in just about any flavor that you desire. There is white chocolate popcorn, peppermint popcorn, chocolate fudge popcorn, cheddar cheese popcorn – just to name a delicious few. If there is a flavor you can think of –surely you can find popcorn in that flavor! <br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Popcorn is certainly a snack that we have enjoyed for centuries and that we will continue to enjoy for many centuries to come.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-40005212319683595792010-05-10T23:35:00.000-07:002010-05-10T23:35:32.017-07:00When Was the Popcorn Maker Invented?<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<div class="intro FLC" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-height: 12000000px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="info Details" id="P1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Popcorn... who doesn't love hot, buttery popcorn? Everybody knows that popcorn was introduced to the first Pilgrims by friendly natives. But the making of popcorn has evolved considerably since the 1600s. First commercial popcorn machines and then home popcorn makers were invented to make the tasty treat available to everybody.</div></div><div class="article FLC" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-height: 12000000px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ol id="intelliTxt" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 class="Heading3a" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Early Popcorn Poppers</h2><li id="jsArticleStep1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">Popcorn makers were in use as early as 300 A.D. In Peru, a lost pre-Incan culture invented a piece of crockery that was designed with a hole in the top and a handle for shaking it over the fire. By the 17th century, another type of machine was used. A thin metal cylinder with a handle was filled with kernels and turned by hand, close to an open fire.</li>
<h2 class="Heading3a" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cretors & Co.</h2><li id="jsArticleStep1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">The first commercial popcorn machine was invented by Charles C. Cretors in 1885. Cretors owned a candy shop in Decatur, Illinois. Becoming successful by inventing a steam-powered peanut roaster, he moved to Chicago to expand his business. Before long he had modified his machine to pop corn. After adding wheels and a mechanical clown, The Toasty Roasty Man, his popcorn maker was complete.</li>
<h2 class="Heading3a" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Other Commercial Popcorn Machines</h2><li id="jsArticleStep1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">Just before World War I, manufacturers Holcomb & Hoke began to market commercial popcorn makers, claiming that with the purchase of one machine, investors could make their fortunes selling popcorn. This company, however, did not last long, due to the Great Depression. Between 1920 and 1940, several other companies sprang up, manufacturing and selling popcorn-making machines to supply the world with fresh popcorn.</li>
<h2 class="Heading3a" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Home Popcorn Makers</h2><li id="jsArticleStep1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">Home popcorn makers came on the market in the 1970s. These small appliances popped the corn with a continuous flow of hot air instead of the traditional hot oil that the commercial machines used. This was a great selling point as people grew more health conscious and less pleased with the fatty commercially sold popcorn. Microwave popcorn was introduced in the 1980s.</li>
<h2 class="Heading3a" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Popcorn Today</h2><li id="jsArticleStep1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">Every year, Americans eat over 17 billion quarts of popcorn. It is served everywhere from movie theaters to hotel lobbies, and more than half of all popcorn eaten in American is made in the microwave. Popcorn truly has become a standard of American culture.</li>
</ol></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-79713423664950971912010-05-10T23:33:00.000-07:002010-05-10T23:33:24.312-07:00Who Invented the Popcorn Machine?<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Corn popped over an open flame was sold by vendors in the 1880s, but it was not popular. Charles Cretors, an inventor with a flair for sales and advertising, changed the history of popcorn with the introduction of a steam-powered popping machine.</span><br />
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<ol id="intelliTxt" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 class="Heading3a" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Peanut Roaster</h2><li id="jsArticleStep1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cretors, a sign painter and candy store owner, was interested in how things worked. His purchase of a steam-powered <nobr id="itxt_nobr_0_0" style="color: #0364a4; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal;">peanut</nobr> roaster inspired him to design an improved roasting machine, says the Popcorn Machine Site.</li>
<h2 class="Heading3a" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Advertising</h2><li id="jsArticleStep1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cretors added hand-painted details to the outside of his machine, which had "striping ... in gold leaf and color." He also attracted customers with a small clown called the "Toasty Roasty" man, who cranked the peanuts, according to the Peanut King website.</li>
<h2 class="Heading3a" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Popcorn Machine</h2><li id="jsArticleStep1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1893, Cretors patented a process for popping popcorn, using a seasoning mix of lard and butter oil. Soon his popcorn was more popular than his peanuts.</li>
<h2 class="Heading3a" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Colombian Exposition</h2><li id="jsArticleStep1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">The popcorn machine was featured at the 1893 Colombian Exposition in Chicago. At first, Cretors gave it away, then started a new batch. The aroma of freshly popped corn then attracted new customers.</li>
<h2 class="Heading3a" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Popcorn Wagon Evolves</h2><li id="jsArticleStep1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">The first popcorn machines were built on hand-pulled carts. After 1900, the carts were replaced by horse-drawn wagons.</li>
</ol>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-39774559333311161452010-03-29T09:23:00.000-07:002010-03-29T09:23:00.199-07:00One Used 3/4 Lewis Model 11V-FHA High Speed Wire Straightener & Cutoff Line<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.haritonmachinery.com/LocatorThumbs/IMG_7030_4981.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.haritonmachinery.com/LocatorThumbs/IMG_7030_4981.JPG" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;">One Used 3/4 Lewis Model 11V-FHA High Speed Wire Straightener & Cutoff Line</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-weight: normal;"><b>Specifications:</b></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-weight: normal;"><b><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-weight: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">One Used 3/4 Lewis Model 11V-FHA High Speed Wire Straightener & Cutoff Line, New 1973 s/n - 101-6<br />
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3/4" diameter(90,000 psi material)<br />
Maximum cut-off length - 6 feet<br />
225 FPM<br />
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The "V" is for variable stroke cut-off. The variable stroke allowed the customer to cut short pieces, 3.75" long was the shortest on this machine.<br />
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Equipped with: Pneumatic feed roll pressure<br />
: Low inertia electric trip<br />
: Flying Shear<br />
: Air Clutch<br />
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FOB Bridgeport, CT</span></b></span></span><br />
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</span></b></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-21883352405196508512010-03-27T09:18:00.000-07:002010-03-27T09:18:00.891-07:00Mobile Security Barriers<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.chinavendors.com/upload/cvo/product/barrier-0000019729-L.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.chinavendors.com/upload/cvo/product/barrier-0000019729-L.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 22px;"></span><br />
<div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><strong>Model No:</strong> JT-IRPBC</div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><strong>Factory Location:</strong> Taiwan</div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><strong>Sample Request:</strong> No</div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><strong>Target Markets:</strong> Worldwide</div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold;">Description :</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Forms a security barrier for national defense, protest & riot control, coastline defense against enemy army, barricades for accident sites, and blockage for road construction, or important entrances & exits, etc. A mobile barrier fence. Automatic barrier set up and retrieval. Please contact us for more information.</span></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">Specification :</span></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Forms a security barrier for national defense, protest & riot control, coastline defense against enemy army, barricades for accident sites, and blockage for road construction, or important entrances & exits, etc. A mobile barrier fence. Automatic barrier set up and retrieval.</span></span></span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-61585580327335086442010-03-25T09:13:00.000-07:002010-03-25T09:13:00.329-07:00New Hexagonal Wire Netting Machines (Reverse Twist)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.chinavendors.com/upload/cvo/product/hexagonal-wire-netting-machine-reverse-twist-0000022909-L.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.chinavendors.com/upload/cvo/product/hexagonal-wire-netting-machine-reverse-twist-0000022909-L.jpg" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 22px;"></span><br />
<div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><strong>Model No:</strong> JT-HEX2M</div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><strong>Factory Location:</strong> Taiwan</div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><strong>Sample Request:</strong> No</div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><strong>Target Markets:</strong> Worldwide</div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold;">Description :</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">This machine is to produce the miniature gabion mesh, or what we called hexagonal wire netting. Also known as chicken mesh, etc.</span></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">Specification :</span></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">This machine has a maximum working width of 2 Meters and it comes with one bobbin stand, one set of bobbin, and one bobbin winding unit.</span></span></span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-55412508790939154552010-03-24T21:55:00.000-07:002010-03-24T21:55:00.506-07:00how to wire a three way switch<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #151515; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"></span><br />
<h1 style="color: #330000; font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.05em; line-height: 1.2em; text-transform: inherit;">How to wire a three way switch</h1><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">I don't wire enough three way switches to keep the logic straight in memory, so I made a logic diagram of several ways they can be wired and a PDF version of this diagram to print out.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><h2 style="color: #330000; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.05em; line-height: 1.3em; text-transform: inherit;">A three-way switch has four screw terminals</h2><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><li>A <strong>green ground screw</strong> for the green or bare <strong>ground wire</strong> which is used to ground the switch to the main electrical panel.<div class="vspace" style="margin-top: 1.33em;"></div></li>
<li>A <strong>dark common screw</strong> for the <strong>hot wire</strong> which either comes from the main electrical panel or goes out to the fixture, depending on where the switch is in the circuit.<div class="vspace" style="margin-top: 1.33em;"></div></li>
<li>Two <strong>brass traveler screws</strong> for the <strong>hot wires</strong> which run from one switch to the other.</li>
</ul><div class="vspace" style="margin-top: 1.33em;"></div><h2 style="color: #330000; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.05em; line-height: 1.3em; text-transform: inherit;">Switches interrupt only the <strong>hot wire</strong> to the light fixture</h2><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><li>Switches never interrupt the <strong>neutral wire</strong> or the <strong>ground wire.</strong><div class="vspace" style="margin-top: 1.33em;"></div><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><li>The <strong>ground wire</strong> is connected to the switch to ground its metal parts for safety.<div class="vspace" style="margin-top: 1.33em;"></div></li>
<li>The <strong>neutral wire</strong> is never connected to a switch.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul><div class="vspace" style="margin-top: 1.33em;"></div><h2 style="color: #330000; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.05em; line-height: 1.3em; text-transform: inherit;"><strong>CAUTION - the white wire may be hot</strong></h2><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><em>You'll note in the diagram that in some wiring schemes the white wire is used as a hot feed. This is contrary to the general rule that the white wire is grounded at the main electrical panel. So, as always in working with electric wiring, <strong>never</strong> assume a wire is dead. Turn the circuit breaker off. Test it. Test it again. Be careful.</em></div><div class="vspace" style="margin-top: 1.33em;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="http://www.coxontool.com/documents/diagrams/threewayswitch.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" title="" /></div><div class="vspace" style="margin-top: 1.33em;"></div><h2 style="color: #330000; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.05em; line-height: 1.3em; text-transform: inherit;">For a PDF version of this diagram to print out download this file:</h2><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Three Way Switch Wiring Diagram - PDF version</div><div class="vspace" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.33em;">If you want more information The Home Improvement Web has a good article with details about how to install a three way switch.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-65793451914945863422010-03-24T21:51:00.000-07:002010-03-24T21:51:00.065-07:00How Much Does it Cost to Wire a House?<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<div id="body"><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">How much does it cost to wire a house these days? You need to take several things into consideration such as size, location, specification etc. This article gives you tips on what technical aspects you need to be aware of, avoid the pitfalls and get the best price to wire your house.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><strong>1) The Size Of Your House</strong></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">The size of your house directly affects the cost. The cost of wire, outlets, switches etc will increase proportionally with the increase in square feet of your property. Of course other factors like whether it is single/multi storey, the layout etc will affect the price.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">If it is a new house build you will also have to factor in the cost of connecting to the grid, which can be very expensive depending on location.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><strong>2) The Current System</strong></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Is the house running an older fuse-type system or a circuit breaker system? If you are unsure, ask the electrician when they are quoting what type of system it is.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><strong>3) Planning For The Future</strong></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">This type of work is done rarely so make sure you plan it carefully. In addition to the standard outlets, lighting etc you may want to have external power to a garage, patio or deck. It is cheaper to have all the work done in one go rather than doing a further project later so plan for all eventualities.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">If you are planning to sell the house in future, a good idea is to take photo's or video of the work being done so you can prove you had the work done to any prospective buyer.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><strong>4) Walls and Finishing</strong></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">If your walls are made from solid brick there will a be more work to chase out spaces for the wires. If your walls are plasterboard, it will be much easier. Remember also you will have an additional cost to plaster/finish the walls, so factor this cost into your budget.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><strong>5) General Tips</strong></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><strong>a)</strong> Do not attempt the work yourself unless you are qualified. Electricity is potentially lethal so ensure your electrical contractor is a member of trade associations and their work is up to local safety standards. It is your family's life you are risking by cutting corners.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><strong>b)</strong> Always get 3-5 prices, and be prepared to haggle. With the current financial climate you will be able to find a great deal. A reputable firm will not ask for payment up front and give you a free estimate.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><strong>c)</strong> Get a fixed price and do not deviate from the original specification once the project is underway, this will just increase the cost.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><strong>d)</strong> Choose a timescale that suits you and the contractor. There will be a lot of disruption while the work is underway so discuss your requirements in detail and get a written agreement on what work will be carried out.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><strong>e)</strong> Get the relevant inspection certificate on completion (don't pay in full until you receive this).</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><strong>f)</strong> Get recommendations from family and friends. Price is not the only consideration.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">As a rule of thumb, for an average sized house, with regular fixtures and fittings, you will be looking at a cost of $2000-$5000.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">This should answer the question how much does it cost to wire a house. Make sure you do some planning, find out the size of your house and what specification you need and you will able to find a suitable contractor and most importantly the best price.</div></div><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;" valign="top"><div class="sig" id="sig" style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Mike Donaldson has been an electrical contractor for over 30 years. Here are his recommended websites to find reliable electrical contractors and home improvement contractors.</div></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 1em;">Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Mike_Donaldson</div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-79473591290082924792010-03-23T21:54:00.000-07:002010-03-23T21:54:54.018-07:00how to wire a light switch<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"></span><br />
<h1>Wiring a Light Switch - End of Circuit</h1><div>The easiest place to wire a light switch is at the end of a circuit. This does not mean that you should plan all your circuits so that your light switches are necessarily at the end. A light in the middle of a circuit really isn't that much harder.<br />
Before beginning any electrical work, it is wise to turn off the circuit and then to test to make certain that the circuit is indeed off with a circuit testing device. Circuits generally use either 12 or 14 gauge wire. In wire gauges, the bigger number designates a smaller diameter wire. As a rule of thumb you should use 12 gauge wire for 20 amp circuits and 14 gauge wire for 15 amp switches.<br />
When placing the switch boxes, be sure to choose an easily accessible spot near the door about hand height. If you are in doubt as to where this should be, examine the positioning of other switches in your house. If you haven't any installed yet, 45 to 48 inches from the floor should work about right. It is best to make them all about the same.<br />
In our diagram the source of power comes through the switch box. The black wire, which is the "hot" wire leads directly to the bottom connector on the switch. The switch, of course, should be oriented so that the "on" position is up and the "off" position is down. On most switches there are two ways to connect the wire to the switch. There are two little holes in the back of the switch as well as two screws on the side. You can either push the stripped wire (About 1/2 inch of the insulation can be removed with a wire stripper or more laboriously with a utility knife.) into the hole or curve it into a hook with a pair of pliers, wrap it around the appropriate screw and then tighten the screw.<br />
Meanwhile, you should have set up the box for the light and run a wire between the two boxes. The white wire from the source is connected to the white wire from the light. Our diagram shows a ground wire connection (usually bare or green) directly to the box. This is only necessary on a metal box. On a plastic box merely connect all of the ground wires together. Take the black (hot) wire that leads from the light and connect it to the top connector on the switch. Now twist the white wires together and use a cap or electrical tape to insulate the splice.<br />
In the light box, connect the black and white wires to the light, this will generally be a fairly obvious process as most lights come with both black and white wires as well as a ground connection. If the light is one of the simpler ones, you can generally distinguish between the connectors, one will usually be made of wire that is silver in color, the other will be vaguely brass. The ground wire can be hooked directly to a metal box or to a connection on the light itself. Sometimes there will be a green wire.<br />
Generally, it is wise to test your light before screwing the switch into the wall or the light into the ceiling. Test again after all the components are made secure.<br />
If you are in any way confused by this explanation, please refer to our diagram.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-69174892986142914392010-03-23T09:06:00.000-07:002010-03-23T09:06:00.681-07:00New High Speed Barbed Wire Machines<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.chinavendors.com/upload/cvo/product/high-speed-barbed-wire-machine-0000016134-L.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.chinavendors.com/upload/cvo/product/high-speed-barbed-wire-machine-0000016134-L.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px;">Description :</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">1. High speed barbed wire machine.<br />
2. Brake method: pneumatic brake.<br />
3. Operating voltage: as required by customer.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">Specification :</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">1. Wire DIA.: 1.5 – 2.65 mm.<br />
2. Wire tensile strength: 300 – 500 n/mm².<br />
3. Barb pitch: 3", 3½", 4", 4½" & 5".<br />
4. Speed: 360 R.P.M (14# * 4" – approx. 33 m/min).<br />
5. output coiled weight: max. 30 kgs /coil.<br />
6. Wire material: galvanized, high galvanized, SUS wires.</span></span></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-34821131479766215092010-03-21T09:03:00.000-07:002010-03-21T09:03:00.373-07:00Jiu Tai Precision Industries Co., Ltd. : Wire Drawing Machines<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">Jiu Tai Precision Industries Co., Ltd. was established in 1983. We are a remarkable welding equipment manufacturer specializing in welding equipment and wire mesh especially for welded mesh, chain link fence and conveyor belts, which are outstanding among the counterparts. Sticking to the business concept of making the best better and pursuing perfection, we dedicate to product research and development all the time. Its excellent quality, great trustworthiness and moderate price earn us scores of praises. In addition, we acquired sanction of the mark and ISO 9001 certificate. Regarding to product QC, the company, equipped with the state-of-the-art testers, is well experienced in strict product inspection that guarantees superior product qualities and gains customer reliability. So choose our company is you best choice. Don't hesitate. Welcome to join us.</span><br />
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<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.manufacturers.com.tw/images/5/showroom3/arrbg1.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #336699; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 3px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 34px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">Main Products</h2><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Manufacturer of welding machines, spot welders, mesh making and fence weaving machinery, automatic chain link fence machine, high speed automatic chain link fence machine, high speed barbed wire machine, wire mesh welding machine, automatic welded mesh turning & stacking machine, welded mesh shearing machine, welded mesh recoiler, wire drawing machine, electric butt welder, hexagonal wire netting machine, hexagonal gabion mesh weaving machine, wire/ bar straightening, wire straightening & cutting machine, mobile security barrier, wire mesh, chain link fence mesh and plywood conveyance belt, and etc.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #555555; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><strong>Profile: </strong>Taiwan Professional manufacturer of Wire Drawing Machines, Jiu Tai Precision Industries Co., Ltd. is a leading manufacturer of Wire Drawing Machine and many other <em style="color: #ff6600; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Machines</em>. Buyers can contact us by visiting our website or by sending request for information. There are many types of <em style="color: #ff6600; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Machines</em> on my website. For more products information, please contact us soon. On the basis of introducing all kinds of talents, in the spirit of constant innovation and improving quality, with sincerity as our shield to meet the demands of clients, our factory controls quality in the process of design, production and delivery, providing good quality <em style="color: #ff6600; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Machines</em> for every client. We will keep excellent quality, good reputation continuously.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #555555; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><a href="http://www.manufacturers.com.tw/ident.php?sid=3368&su=http://www.jiu-tai.com.tw/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #ff6600; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Company Link</a></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1108402439672906608.post-32391004343811816442010-03-19T09:00:00.000-07:002010-03-19T09:00:01.293-07:00Kon Ho Machinery Industrial Co., Ltd.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;">Kon Ho Machinery Industrial Co., Ltd. was established in 1977 and specialized in manufacturing wire and cable machines, and whole plant equipment, which include wire enameling machines, wire drawing machines, tin-plating machines, etc. Wire enameling belongs to the basic industry and one of the most important parts for electric motor, coil products, testing instruments, high temperature conducting wire, electronic components, medical wire, communication wire and automation. For many years of unceasing innovation, manufacturing and R&D composed of the professional and senior technical team of KON HO, the products with high praise sell to Europe and America, Middle East, South Asia, Mainland China. Kon Ho deeply believed that insisting on the management ideas ” Quality, Technology, Responsibility, Innovates” can create new opportunity and have eternal management.</span><br />
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<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.manufacturers.com.tw/images/5/showroom/arrbg1.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;">Main Products</h2><div>industrial ( industry) machineries and equipments supply ( supplies)- wire enameling machines, take up machinery, control ( controlling) boxes & systems, annealing ovens & stoves, tin ( tinning) plating & stoves, soldering ( solder) stoves, extruders ( extrusion) machinery, wire drawing ( draw) machines, wire drawing machines, cables machinery, coating drying ovens, vertical machines, wire winding ( wind) machines ( winders), oil resistances, anti oxidations.</div><div><br />
</div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #555555; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><strong>Profile: </strong>Kon Ho Machinery Industrial Co., Ltd. is a professional manufacturer of Wire Drawing Machines and other<em style="color: #ff6600; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Machines</em>. We are keeping on researching, developing, and innovating the most advanced products and services for our customers, our trained professional team and qualified products has been doing our best to reach the unchanged goal of building and remaining the nicest long-term relationship with our customers. Punctual delivery and top quality at competitive price are our guarantee. We always keep innovation, perfect quality, reasonable price and prompt delivery in mind to meet customers' needs. We also provide many kind of Wire Drawing Machine, welcome to our website to get more information!</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #555555; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><a href="http://www.manufacturers.com.tw/ident.php?sid=7388&su=http://www.cables-machinery.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">Company Link</a></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0